PASSIVE VOICE

 

PASSIVE VOICE

 

Definition of Passive Voice

Passive voice is a grammatical construction (grammatical form) in which the subject sentence does not take action, but instead receives action (as a receiver of action ). The action is followed up by  another agent (as a doer of action ) who can be mentioned or not. In contrast to the active voice , the subject is directly related to the verb  by acting as the actor of the action. Active sentences may be changed to passive, especially active sentences that use a transitive verb (need to be followed by a  direct object ).

 

Passive Voice function

In English lessons, passive voice is a sentence whose function is often underestimated. In fact, there are several functions of the passive voice that are crucial and cannot be replaced by the active voice. If you use active when passive is needed, you gonna embarrass yourself! You can see more about the passive voice function as follows.

To explain sentences where the subject is an inanimate object

The first function of the passive voice is to explain sentences whose subject cannot do a verb. Or in short, if the subject is an inanimate object. What is meant by inanimate objects here is not only physical objects, but also abstract objects, such as thoughts, values, feelings, and the like.

Example:

§  Those buildings were ruined by weather anomaly (passive voice)

§  The weather anomaly ruined those buildings (active voice)

Now try to compare the two examples above, the first sentence uses the passive voice and the second uses the opposite. At first glance, there is no obvious difference between the two sentences of the passive and active voice. In fact, the first sentence is easier to read than the second sentence. Especially if the sentence above is included in a news or report.

To Describe an Event for which the Perpetrator is Unknown

The second function of the passive voice is to explain a sentence whose subject is not known with certainty. Due to this, the object of the final sentence has to be the subject in order for the sentence to be understood.

Example:

§  My wallet was stolen when I strolled on this way (passive)

§  Someone stole my wallet when I strolled on this way (active)

Literally, the two examples above make sense , but the second sentence seems less effective. So since the culprit is unknown, it's better to use the first sentence which uses the passive voice form.

To describe an event whose object is more important than the subject

The third function of the passive voice is to describe events that focus on the object, not on the subject. This means that the object of the sentence is much more important to discuss than the subject.

This type of sentence can be found in scholarly presentations or other focused discussions. So for example, there is a meeting with the aim of reviewing "robots with human intelligence". So the focus of the meeting was a discussion of the object "robots with human intelligence".

Example:

§  The experiment is conducted between June and September 2019 in Komodo Island, Indonesia (passive)

§  We conducted the experiment between June and September 2019 in Komodo Island, Indonesia (active)

The focus of the two examples above is actually the same, namely telling about an experiment. However, if the second sentence is used, it is as if the focus is the activities of the person conducting the experiment, not the experiment. From this alone it is clear that in this condition, the passive voice is more appropriate.

To Describe Two Events in One Sentence

Well, here comes the passive voice function that people rarely talk about! The passive voice can be used in sentences that want to include two or more verbs. One goal: so that the sentence sounds varied. Now as an example, try to compare the two sentences below:

Example:

§  When Faza went to school, some punk kids beat her and confiscate her pocket money

§  When Faza went to school, she was beaten and her pocket money is confiscated by some punk kids

Again, the two sentences above do not have a significant difference. However, for storytelling, generally the sentence form like the second example is preferred.

Passive Voice Formulas

The passive voice is  formed from the auxiliary verb and past participle (verb-3).

 

auxiliary verb + past participle

 

Auxiliary verbs  used in passive voice can be:

·         primary auxiliary verb  "be" (is, are, am, was, were),

·         a combination of two primary auxiliary verbs  (is / are being, was / were being, has / have been), or

·         combination of  primary auxiliary verb and  modal auxiliary verb  (will be, will have been)

 

The  past participle used is a transitive verb . Past participles are  obtained by adding -ed, -en, -d, -t, -n, or -ne to the  base form, which  are  regular verbs . In the  base form, it is  an  irregular verb , the  past participle  is inconsistent.

 

1. Simple Present Tense

Aktif : S + do/does + V1
Pasif : S + to be (am, are, is) + V3 + by + O
example:
Aktif : Students speak English
Pasif : English is spoken by students

2.Present Continuous Tense

Aktif : S + to be (am, are, is) + V1-ing + O
Pasif : S + to be (am, are, is) + being + V3 + by + O
example :
Aktif : Students is speaking English
Pasif : English is being spoken by students

3. Present Perfect Tense

Aktif : S + have/has + V3 + O
Pasif : S + have/has + been + V3 + by + O
example :
Aktif : Students have spoken English
Pasif : English has been spoken by students

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Aktif : S + have/has + been + V1-ing + O
Pasif : S + have/has + been + being + V3 + by + O
example :
Aktif : Students have been speaking English
Pasif : English has been being spoken by students

 5. Simple Past Tense

Aktif : S + V2 + O
Pasif : S + to be (was, were) + V3 + by + O
example :
Aktif : Students spoke English
Pasif : English was spoken by students

6. Past Continuous Tense

Aktif : S + to be (was, were) + V1-ing + O
Pasif : S + to be (was, were) + being + V3 + by + O
example :
Aktif : Students were speaking English
Pasif : English was being spoken by students

7. Past Perfect Tense

Aktif : S + had not + V3 + O
Pasif : S + had + been + V3 + by + O
example :
Aktif : Students had spoken English
Pasif : English had been spoken by students

8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Aktif : S + had + been + V1-ing + O
Pasif : S + had + been + being + V3 + by + O
example :
Aktif : Students had been speaking English
Pasif : English had been being spoken by students

9. Simple Future Tense

Aktif : S + will not + V1 + O
Pasif : S + will be + V3 + by + O
example :
Aktif : Students will speak English
Pasif : English will be spoken by students

10. Future Continuous Tense

Aktif : S + will + be + V1-ing + O
Pasif : S + will + be + being + V3 + by + O
example :
Aktif : Students will be speaking English
Pasif : English will be being spoken by students

11. Future Perfect Tense

Aktif : S + will + have + V3 + O
Pasif : S + will + have + been + V3 + by + O
example :
Aktif : Students will have spoken English
Pasif : English will have been spoken by students

12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Aktif : S + will + have + been + V1-ing + O
Pasif : S + will + have + been + being + V3 + by + O
example :
Aktif : Students will have been speaking English
Pasif : English will have been being spoken by students

13. Simple Future Past Tense

Aktif : S + would +  V1 + O
Pasif : S + would + be + V3 + by + O
example :
Aktif : Students would speak English
Pasif : English would be spoken by students

14.   Future Past Continuous Tense

Aktif : S + would + be + V1-ing + O
Pasif : S + would + be + being + V3 + by + O
example :
Aktif : Students would be speaking English
Pasif : English would be being spoken by students

15.   Future Past Perfect Tense

Aktif : S + would + have + V3 + O
Pasif : S + would + have + been + V3 + by + O
example :
Aktif : Students would have spoken English
Pasif : English would have been spoken by students

16.   Future Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Aktif : S + would + have + been + V1-ing + O
Pasif : S + would + have + been +being + V3 + by + O
example :
Aktif : Students would have been speaking English
Pasif : English would have been being spoken by students

Changing Active Voice to Passive Voice

 

Active or normal voice can be transformed into a passive voice  (the process is called passivization ) with the following scheme.

 

active voice	passive voice
subject (doer of action) + action verb + object (receiver of action)	subject (receiver of action) + auxiliary verb + past participle (verb) +/- by ... (doer of action)

 

The doer of action (actor action) expressed in by-phrase in the passive voice is usually not mentioned. The term construction of sentences in  passive voice  which the actor does not mention is short passive or agentless passive . The reasons are, among others, because the perpetrators of the action are unknown, unimportant or interesting, to avoid responsibility, or sentences constitute academic writing , especially those related to  science  (science).

 

Passive Voice Formulas for various tenses

 

tense	active voice	passive voice
simple present tense	verb-1	am / is / are + verb-3
present continuous tense	am / is / are + -ing	am / is / are + being + -ing
present perfect tense	have / has + verb-3	have / has + been + verb-3
simple past tense	verb-2	was / were + verb-3
past continuous tense	was / were + -ing	was / were + being + verb-3
past perfect tense	had + verb-3	had + been + verb-3
simple future tense	will + bare infinitive	will + be + verb-3
	am / is / are going to + bare infinitive	am / is / are going to + be + verb-3
future perfect tense	will + have + verb-3	will + have + been + verb-3

Examples of Passive Voice Sentences in Several Tenses

1	I am paid in dollars.  (I get paid in dollars.) Simple present tense
2	My shoes are washed every month.  (All my shoes are washed monthly.) Simple present tense
3	The book was edited by Beatrice Sparks.  (The book is edited by Beatrice Sparks.)  Simple past tense
4	The store will be closed .  (The shop will be closed.) Simple future tense
5	The room is being cleaned now.  (The room is being cleaned now.) Present continuous tense

 

Passive Voice Form

Passive Voice Forms With Tenses

The passive voice or active voice in English consists of two elements, namely the appropriate form of the verb to be + past participle

Examples of sentence forms:

• Singular
• positive sentence: The house was built in 2010
• negative sentence: The house was not built in 2010
• Question: Was the house built in 2010?
• Negative question sentence: Was not the house built in 2010?

• Plural
• positive sentence: These houses were built in 2010
• negative sentence: These houses were not built in 2010
• Interview: Were these houses built in 2010?
• Negative question sentence: Were not these houses built in 2010?

Example sentences using the word Clean

·        Present Tense: "The school is cleaned everyday"

·        Present Continuous Tense: "The school is being cleaned at the moment"

·        Past Tense: “The school was cleaned two days ago”

·        Past Continuous Tense: "The school was being cleaned last month"

·        Present Perfect Tense: "The school has been cleaned since they left"

·        Past Perfect Tense: “The school had been cleaned before they arrived”

·        Future Continuous Tense: "The school will be being cleaned if we had the ceremony"

·        Future Tense: "The school will be cleaned tomorrow"

Forms of passive voice with infinitives

The passive infinitive is  used after a modal verb (modal verb) and other verbs are generally followed by an infinitive .

Example sentence: "Raisa wants to be invited to the party"

Form the passive voice with the gerund

The gerund is used after a preposition or preposition, and verbs are usually followed by a gerund .

Example: "Most Artists hate being interviewed "

Form of passive voive with to be born

The to be born  form is the passive form that is usually used in the past tense form . However, in some cases it can also be used in the present and future tense forms .

Example: "My sister was born in 2016".

Passive Voice Sentences and Examples

1.   Passive voice is used when the doer of action  is unknown.

 

Examples of Active and Passive Voice Sentences

Active	Passive
Someone knocked on your door last night. (Someone knocked on your door last night.)	Your door was knocked on last night.  (Knocked on your door last night.)
Somebody has used the computer without permission.  (Someone has used the computer without permission.)	The computer has been used without permission.  (The computer has been used without permission.)

 

2.   Passive voice is used when the doer of action is not important to mention (for example, because the actor of the action is clear / predictable or refers to people in general).

 

Examples of Active and Passive Voice Sentences

Active	Passive
You can view the final results on the internet.  (You can see the final results on the internet.)	The final results can be viewed on the web.  (The final result can be viewed on the internet.)
People rarely do  this intentionally.  (People rarely do this on purpose.)	This is  rarely  done intentionally.  (This is rarely done on purpose.)
The teacher instructed the students to solve the math problem.  (The teacher orders the students to solve math problems.)	The students were instructed to solve the math problem.  (Students are ordered to solve math problems.)

 

3.   Passive voice is used to emphasize objects .

 

Examples of Active and Passive Voice Sentences

Active	Passive
Sunmark Press published The Enzyme Factor at the first time in 2005.  (Sunmark Press published  The Enzyme Factor for the first time in 2005.)	The Enzyme Factor was published at the first time in 2005 by Sunmark Press.  (The Enzyme Factor was first published in 2005.)
I have to collect more than 20,000 dollars to buy the car.  (I had to raise over $ 20,000 to buy that car.)	More than 20,000 dollars have to be collected to buy the car.  (Over $ 20,000 had to be raised to buy the car.)

 

4.   The passive voice is used as a variation on writing (for example, the actor in the action has been mentioned in the previous sentence).

 

Examples of Active and Passive Voice Sentences

Active	Passive
The investigators knew that she had returned to Indonesia. They arrested her yesterday.  (Investigators know he has returned to Indonesia. They detained him yesterday.)	The investigators knew that she had returned to Indonesia. She  was arrestedyesterday.  (Investigators know that he has returned to Indonesia. He was detained yesterday.)

 

Exceptions to Transitive Verbs

Not all transitive verbs , verbs that have a direct object , can be passive. Some verbs like  have , become , lack , look like , and  mean  sound unnatural when they are passive.

 

Examples of Unsaidable Verb Sentences

I have a great new idea.  (I have a great idea.)		cannot be passive to be A great new idea is had by me .
It contains only natural ingredients.  (It only contains natural ingredients.)		Cannot be passive ingredients are contained by it .

 for more details, please watch the video about passive voice below

Below is also my video explaining the passive voice

Dialogue about passive voice

okey, next we will discuss dialogue about passive voice. let's see my dialogue below.

Yuli : Lent, you look different today. Why you didn’t wear your usual glasses?

Valent: My usual glasses is being repaired in the optic. I broke the lenses yesterday.

Yuli : I hope the repair goes well and you can use your usual glasses again, Lent.

Valent: Thank you, I hope so. This glasses is really uncomfortable and I want to wear my usual glasses again.

Conclusion:

From the above dialogue, we can conclude that there is a passive voice sentence, namely my usual glasses are being repaired (my usual glasses are being repaired). My usual glasses are subjects subject to action, namely being repaired. This sentence uses to be is being (being) which indicates the action is running or the present continuous tense.

Meanwhile, the word broke in the example dialogue is not a passive voice sentence form. The word broke which is used is an active sentence that uses the verb in the past form, or the past tense.

My video

This my video about dialogue passive voice

Readers can also see other examples of dialogue below

Then There Is A Song That Has A Passive Voice Sentence Which Is Entitled "Just Give Me A Reason"

the lyrics of the song just give me a reason along with the passive voice

“Just Give me A Reason”

Right from the start
You were a thief, you stole my heart
And I, your willing victim
I let you see the parts of me, that weren't all that pretty
And with every touch you fixed them

Now you've been talking in your sleep oh oh
Things you never say to me oh oh
Tell me that you've had enough
Of our love, our love

Just give me a reason, just a little bit's enough
Just a second we're not broken just bent, and we can learn to love again
It's in the stars, it's been written in the scars on our hearts
We're not broken just bent, and we can learn to love again

I'm sorry I don't understand
Where all of this is coming from
I thought that we were fine (oh we had everything)
Your head is running wild again
My dear we still have everythin'
And it's all in your mind (yeah but this is happenin')
You've been havin' real bad dreams oh oh
You used to lie so close to me oh oh
There's nothing more than empty sheets between our love, our love
Oh our love, our love

Just give me a reason, just a little bit's enough
Just a second we're not broken just bent and we can learn to love again
I never stop, you're still written in the scars on my heart
You're not broken just bent and we can learn to love again

Oh tear ducts and rust
I'll fix it for us
We're collecting dust, but our love's enough
You're holding it in
You're pouring a drink
No nothing is as bad as it seems
We'll come clean

Just give me a reason just a little bit's enough
Just a second we're not broken just bent and we can learn to love again
It's in the stars, it's been written in the scars on our hearts
That we're not broken just bent and we can learn to love again

Just give me a reason, just a little bit's enough
Just a second we're not broken just bent, and we can learn to love again
It's in the stars, it's been written in the scars on our hearts
That we're not broken just bent, and we can learn to love again

Oh we can learn to love again
Oh we can learn to love again
Oh that we're not broken just bent and we can learn to love again

 Conclusion

⇒ pink: Simple Past sentences

There are BE were which are used after the plural noun (in the song: you, we, and the parts of me).

There is a Verb Simple Past / Verb 2 (irregular verb / irregular), namely had (have) and thought (think) which indicate that this happened in the past. In Simple Past Tense, the active sentence does not use BE, just Verb Simple Past.

 ⇒ blue: Present Perfect Continuous sentence

The characteristics are have / has been (present perfect) and verb-ing (continuous). Easy to recognize and remember from the name, right? Its function is to explain something that has happened continuously from the past to the present, and may still continue.

 ⇒ purple: Present Perfect sentence

You have had, well, look, there are Haves and Past Participles aka Verb 3 had. What is often mistaken here: distinguishes HAVE which means "have" from HAVE which is an auxiliary verb. So what changes in the Present Perfect is the Verb, not the assistant (auxiliary verb, that is). The Present Perfect describes something that has happened or has repeatedly happened since then until now.

 ⇒ red: Passive Voice in Present Perfect Tense

Passive Voice must have BE (which indicates the time form) and Past Participle / Verb 3 (as in Indonesian). In this song, it's been written: well, the first thing to do is the 's, here it must be HAS (is been written), meaning that because it has been written, this sentence is Present Perfect. The BEEN indicates the BE Passive Voice in the third form / Past Participle for the Present Perfect.

 ⇒ green color: TO & Verb

Well, have to be careful with this shape. Usually, if there are 2 verbs that are used together and the function is still as a verb, this TO will appear, as in this song learn to love.

But to use to lie in this song USED TO means "used to or has become a habit in the past". This USED is different from USE (means "to use"; the infinitive / verb 1 form; regular verb).

So The Explanation From My Blog, Hope It Is Useful For All Of Us. Thank You 😊😊💖💖

LETTER WRITING

😊Letter Writing😊

Hellow everyone meet again on my blog. here I will explain about letter writing. let's listen to everything

Before the advent of modern technology made communication so easy, the art of writing a letter was considered an important requirement. Even today a letter is an important means of communication in both the workspace as well as our personal lives. So let us educate ourselves with the nuances of letter writing.

Letter Writing

A letter is a written message that can be handwritten or printed on paper. It is usually sent to the recipient via mail or post in an envelope, although this is not a requirement as such. Any such message that is transferred via post is a letter, a written conversation between two parties.

Now that E-mails (Advantages and disadvantages) and texts and other such forms have become the norm for communication, the art of letter writing has taken a backseat. However, even today a lot of our communication, especially the formal kind, is done via letters. Whether it is a cover letter for a job, or the bank sending you a reminder or a college acceptance letter, letters are still an important mode of communication. Which is why it is important that we know the intricacies of letter writing.

social fuction :         

personal letters are letters that are written to people we know such as friends, parents, siblings, and caousin. letters are not only written to inform but srengthen the bond between two people writing to each other.

 Mail function Some of the functions include:

• Means of notification
• Means of request
• Idea
• Ideas or ideas
• As a reminder
• Historical evidence
• Work guidelines

Types of letters

Let us first understand that there are broadly two types of letter, namely Formal Letters, and Informal Letters. But then there are also a few types of letters based on their contents, formalities, the purpose of letter writing etc. Let us have a look at the few types of letters.

·         Formal Letter: These letters follow a certain pattern and formality. They are strictly kept professional in nature, and directly address the issues concerned. Any type of business letter or letter to authorities falls within this given category.

·         Informal Letter: These are personal letters. They need not follow any set pattern or adhere to any formalities. They contain personal information or are a written conversation. Informal letters are generally written to friends, acquaintances, relatives etc.

·         Business Letter: This letter is written among business correspondents, generally contains commercial information such as quotations, orders, complaints, claims, letters for collections etc. Such letters are always strictly formal and follow a structure and pattern of formalities.

·         Official Letter: This type of letter is written to inform offices, branches, subordinates of official information. It usually relays official information like rules, regulations, procedures, events, or any other such information. Official letters are also formal in nature and follow certain structure and decorum.

·         Social Letter: A personal letter written on the occasion of a special event is known as a social letter. Congratulatory letter, condolence letter, invitation letter etc are all social letters.

·         Circular Letter: A letter that announces information to a large number of people is a circular letter. The same letter is circulated to a large group of people to correspond some important information like a change of address, change in management, the retirement of a partner etc.

·         Employment Letters: Any letters with respect to the employment process, like joining letter, promotion letter, application letter etc.

 

Formal Letters

A formal letter is one written in a formal and ceremonious language and follows a certain stipulated format. Such letters are written for official purposes to authorities, dignitaries, colleagues, seniors, etc and not to personal contacts, friends or family. A number of conventions must be adhered to while drafting formal letters. So let us take a look at a sample format of a formal letter.

structure of a Formal Letter

As we said earlier, a formal letter must follow certain rules and conventions. Such a format helps in relaying the information in a professional way. It must be remembered that there are various such formats for formal letters that people follow. The one explained here is the one most commonly used for formal communicationthese days.

Sender’s Address

The sender’s address is usually put on the top right-hand corner of the page. The address should be complete and accurate in case the recipient of the letter wishes to get in touch with the sender for further communication.

Date

The sender’s address is followed by the date just below it, i.e. on the right side of the page. This is the date on which the letter is being written. It is important in formal letters as they are often kept on record.

Receiver’s Address

After leaving some space we print the receiver’s address on the left side of the page. Whether to write “To” above the address depends on the writer’s preference. Make sure you write the official title/name/position etc of the receiver, as the first line of the address.

Greeting

This is where you greet the person you are addressing the letter to. Bear in mind that it is a formal letter, so the greeting must be respectful and not too personal. The general greetings used in formal letters are “Sir” or “Madam”. If you know the name of the person the salutation may also be “Mr. XYZ” or “Ms. ABC”. But remember you cannot address them only by their first name. It must be the full name or only their last name.

Subject

After the salutation/greeting comes the subject of the letter. In the centre of the line write ‘Subject” followed by a colon. Then we sum up the purpose of writing the letter in one line. This helps the receiver focus on the subject of the letter in one glance.

Body of the Letter

This is the main content of the letter. It is either divided into three paras or two paras if the letter is briefer. The purpose of the letter should be made clear in the first paragraph itself. The tone of the content should be formal. Do not use any flowery language. Another point to keep in mind is that the letter should be concise and to the point. And always be respectful and considerate in your language, no matter the subject of your letter.

Closing the Letter

At the end of your letter, we write a complimentary losing. The words “Yours Faithfully” or “Yours Sincerely” are printed on the right side of the paper. Generally, we use the later if the writer knows the name of the person.

Signature

Here finally you sign your name. And then write your name in block letters beneath the signature. This is how the recipient will know who is sending the letter.

Example formal letters  

Informal Letters

Informal letters are written to close acquaintances of the writer, their friends, family, relatives, etc. Since they are written to close relations the letters have an informal and personal tone. Casual language is used while writing informal letters. And sometimes the letters may even have an emotional undertone.

Informal letters are mainly used for personal communication. So they do not have to follow any specific pattern, format or conventions. They can be written as per the writer’s wishes and the requirement of the situation. So the letter is written in a personal fashion in casual unassuming language.

Structure of Informal Letter

As we discussed earlier there is no set format when writing an informal letter. But there is a general pattern, some conventions that people usually follow. We will be looking at this pattern and certain tips on how to write effective and attractive informal letters. These can act as guidelines when you are drafting a letter, they are not hard and fast rules. Let us begin.                     

    Address

The first thing to write is your address, i.e. the address of the writer. We usually write the address on the left-hand side of the page at the very top. The address should be accurate and complete. Even when writing to close friends or relatives the address must be written, so they can reply back to the letter with ease. If the recipient of the letter is in another country, do not forget to write your country as well in the address.

Date

Next just below the address we write the date. This allows the reader to have a reference as to when the address was written. He can then relate better to the contents of the letter.

Greeting

Now since you know the person you are writing to, the greeting can be informal as well. If it is a friend or someone close to your age you can greet them by their first name, like “Dear Alex”. If you are writing to your relative like your mother/father/aunt/uncle etc, you may greet them as such, for example, “Dear Mom”. And if you are writing to an elder person, someone you respect greatly you can address them as Mr or Mrs. Like say for example you were writing a congratulatory letter to your teacher, it can be addressed as “Dear Mrs. Alex”.

Introduction Paragraph

And now we begin writing the actual letter. The introductory paragraph sets the tone for the whole letter. You might begin by asking the recipient about their well being. Or you may say that you hope the letter finds them in good health and great spirits. The opening of informal letters should be casual and comforting. It must not be formal and direct as in business letters.      

 Body of the Letter

The letter overall should maintain a friendly tone. But you have to adjust the language and the wordings according to who you are writing to. With a friend, you can afford to be very casual and flippant even. But if you are writing to an elder relative, you must be extremely respectful and considerate. One way to determine the tonality of your letter is to remember how you talk to the person in a conversation. And then apply the same syntax and sentiments to the letter.

Conclusion

In the conclusive paragraph sum up the reason for writing the letter, i.e. summarize the letter. Say a meaningful and affectionate goodbye to the reader. And do not forget to invite the reader to write back or reply to your letter. It shows an intention to keep the conversation going.

 Signature

There is no one way to sign off informal letters. Since they do not follow a strict format, you may sign off as you please. Some commonly used phrases are

·         Lots of Love

·         Best,

·         Best Wishes,

·         Kind Regards,

·         Kindly

 Example informal letters

Linguistic Features

Some useful expressions for letter writing

Gratitude

• ·       I’m just writing to thank you for….
• ·       It was very kind of you to….
• ·       Thanks very much for….
• ·       I am very grateful for….

Giving advice

• ·       Well, I though about it and if were you, I would…..
• ·       Have you thought about….?
• ·       In your last letter you said you weren’t sure what course of action to take, I suggest….
• ·       I think you shouldn’t…..
• ·       In your last letter you asked me about …., I think…

Delivering good news

• ·       I’m sure you will be happy to hear that….
• ·       I am sure that you’ll be interested to know that….
• ·       By the way, did you know that…?
• ·       I am totally ecstatic to hear about…
• ·       I was happy beyond limits to read that….

Delivering bad news

• ·       I’m sorry but I have to tell you that…
• ·       Bad news, I’m afraid, but no way to avoid it, so here it goes…..
• ·       I’m extremely sorry to hear that….
• ·       It was heart wrenching to read about….

Asking for help

• ·       I wonder if you could help me.
• ·       I hope it’s not toolike to much to ask but….
• ·       I wonder if I could ask you a favor. Could you….?

Apologizing

• ·       I would like to apologize for…
• ·       I’m so sorry that….
• ·       Words are not enough to erase the pain I have given you but I want to say how sorry I am….

Examples of expressions used in personal letters

To better understand it please see the video below

Next, this is an example of a letter that I have made

Okey next I will explain the structure of the sample letter that I have created. 

1. Heading 

This heading is on the top right of the sentence My best friend, Fabiana Afanin In Bandung 

2. Date 

This date is on the left after the heading. 

3. Greeting 

The greetings I use here are greeting of friendship and Hi.

 4. Content 

This content contains how I feel seeing the state of my city and the content is in the middle of the letter. sentences that belong to this structure ie Fabi, my best friend. Since we split up, a lot of things going on here. Our city is growing very rapidly indeed.The building that used to be the place of performance and rehearsal dramathat‘s been flattened to the ground.Now it has emerged the buildingsuper fancy, it’s a shame the place was just for shopping! It seemedimpossible to run, let alone to stagethe play.

Fab, the first, Yes! Don’t forget thereward. Wait are you! Convey my compliments to the mother and the father. Also Mas Kai. Thank you Fab. see you in the coming holidays.

5. Closing 

This closing is the closing part of the letter which contains the words to end a letter. The closing that I use is until the news conference. 

6. Signature 

This signature contains my name (Yulianti) because I sent the letter to my friend.

This My video about writing a letter

Dialogue about letter writing

Yuli         : when will you write a letter to your parents to describe our latest field trip?

Valent     : I’ll write it tonight. How about you?

Yuli         : maybe I’ll write it tomorrow morning.

Valent     : why don’t we write it to our parents tonight?

 Yuli        : I want to do it with you tonight, but I’m going to go to the movie tonight.

This my video about letter writing

Conclusion :

The reason I made that sentence was because I wanted to ask valent when he wrote his letter and valent said it looks like it was night, and he asked me back what I thought and I replied I will write the letter tonight after I come back from the cinema.

That's all from my explanation, hopefully everything can be understood. Thank you😉💖💖